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IFH
CONSENSUS AND REVIEW DOCUMENTS
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES
READING ROOMS
This Home Hygiene Library contains information which has been
collected from a range of sources and is intended as a central
source of information on the prevention of infection and cross
infection with specific reference to the domestic setting and
its immediate surroundings.
The first section of the library gives access to review documents written by the IFH scientific advisory board, or commissioned by IFH from external experts. It also contains newly published scientifc reviews in areas of specific interest for IFH. These documents review the scientific evidence base on the key aspects home hygiene including:
- The need and rationale for home hygiene and hygiene promotion
- The incidence of Infectious diseases particularly in relation to the home and home environment
- Infectious disease agents and how they are spread in the home environment
- The principles of developing a risk assessment or ‘targeted” approach as applied to home hygiene
- The impact of hygiene in reducing the incidence of infectious diseases
- Concerns about biocide use, antimicrobial resistance, the immune system, and the environment
As the IFH address further issues, these new documents will be
placed in this area.
The second part of the library contains details of the two IFH
international conferences
The remainder of the library is divided into 6 reading rooms
to reflect the pertinent areas of investigation in this field
of research. Each room contains references to externally published
articles, reviews and reports in the main subject areas addressed
by the IFH, with on-line access where possible. The reading rooms
primarily contain the most recent literature not available when
the IFH consensus papers were prepared, or information on topics
not covered by these consensus publications.
If you have articles, papers, or information
about research projects and would like to see these included
in the IFH home
hygiene library, please submit them to us via the ‘contact
us’
page.
 IFH
CONSENSUS AND REVIEW DOCUMENTS
Infectious disease in the home and home hygiene
- NOROVIRUS: INFECTION AND INFECTION PREVENTION THROUGH HYGIENE IN THE HOME By Prof. Sally Bloomfield (first draft 2007, updated January 2008)
This is a review of the available data on the prevalence of norovirus infection, the routes of transmission of the virus and the use and effectiveness of hygiene procedures to break the chain of infection transmission in the home.
- THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HAND HYGIENE PROCEDURES IN REDUCING THE RISKS OF INFECTIONS IN HOME AND COMMUNITY SETTINGS INCLUDING HANDWASHING AND ALCOHOL-BASED HAND SANITIZERS By
S.F. Bloomfield, A. Aiello, B. Cookson, C. O'Boyle and E.L. Larson (published 2007)
The purpose of this review is to provide support for those who work at the interface between theory and practice, particularly those who are involved in developing hygiene practice policies for the home and community, by providing a practical framework for hand hygiene practice together with a comprehensive review of the evidence base. It reviews the evidence base related to the impact of hand hygiene in reducing transmission of infectious disease in the home and community in Europe and North America and evaluates the use of alcohol-based hygiene procedures as an alternative to, or in conjunction with, handwashing.
- Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Clostridium difficile and ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in the home and community: assessing the problem, controlling the spread. By S.F. Bloomfield, B.D. Cookson, F.R.Falkiner, C. Griffith and V. Cleary (published 2006)
The purpose of this report is to provide a source of information on three “emergent” strains of bacteria, and their significance in the home and community. The report also reviews the evidence base for the information given. The appendices contain material that can be used by health professionals and others to brief consumers. It summarises the key data on each organism, together with an “advice sheet” containing practical guidance on what to do when there is a risk of infection transmission in the home .
- HYGIENE ISSUES IN THE HOME/HOUSEHOLD WATER STORAGE, HANDLING AND POINT-OF-USE TREATMENT REVIEW By K.J. Nath, S.F. Bloomfield and M. Jones (published 2006)
The report gives a situational review of household water quality in developed and developing country situations, and reviews field studies showing the extent to which point-of-use treatment and safe storage of water in the home can reduce the burden of waterborne diseases. The report also reviews the range of treatment methods and collection, handling and storage systems which have been developed for improving household water quality.
- FUNGI IN THE DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENT AND COMMUNITY SETTINGS – ASSOCIATION WITH HEALTH PROBLEMS. BY D. STEVENS (published 2004)
This report reviews the external literature on the infection potential in community and domestic settings with particular reference to fungi.
- DEVELOPING AN EFFECTIVE POLICY FOR HOME HYGIENE: A RISK-BASED APPROACH By S.F. Bloomfield and E.A Scott, International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 13, S57-66 (published 2003)
This paper outlines the risk based approach adopted by the IFH in formulating the IFH "targeted" approach to home hygiene with specific reference to developing country situations. It also summarizes some of the evidence base which was used by IFH in developing this approach, although a significant amount of additional data relevant to this approach has been published since 2003 and can be found in the IFH reading rooms. The paper can be obtained via http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/cije/2003/00000013/a00100s1
- THE INFECTION POTENTIAL IN THE DOMESTIC SETTING AND THE ROLE OF HYGIENE PRACTICE IN REDUCING INFECTION (published 2002)
A review of the microbiological and epidemiological evidence on the occurrence, survival and transmission of pathogenic microbes in the home and the infection risks associated with the home environment. The evidence base was used in the development of a risk-based approach to home hygiene formulated by the IFH which is described in the IFH “Guidelines for the prevention of infection and cross infection in the home”.
- HYGIENE PROCEDURES IN THE HOME AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS: A REVIEW OF THE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE BASE (published 2002)
A review of the microbiological and epidemiological evidence on the effectiveness of hygiene procedures in reducing the transmission of microbes in the home environment. The evidence base was used in the development of IFH “Recommendations for the selection of hygiene procedures for use in the home”.
- SPREAD AND PREVENTION OF VIRUS INFECTIONS IN COMMUNITY SETTINGS AND DOMESTIC HOMES. By J. Barker, D.Stevens and S.F. Bloomfield (published 2001)
This report, commissioned by IFH, reviews the external literature on the infection potential in community and domestic settings with particular reference to viruses. It was published in Journal of Applied Microbiology, (2001) 91, 7-21.
- SPREAD OF COMMON COLDS AND INFLUENZA. BY DR RON ECCLES, COMMON COLD RESEARCH CENTRE, CARDIFF, UK (published 2000)
A review of published data on the routes of spread of cold and flu viruses in the community.
- THE NEED FOR A HOME HYGIENE POLICY AND GUIDELINES ON HOME HYGIENE (published 1997)
A review of the epidemiological and microbiological data supporting the need for an improvement in hygiene awareness and hygiene practices in the home.
Developing country issues
- FOCUS ON HOME HYGIENE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES .
By Sally F. Bloomfield. GSH conference in Bonn 2007
This paper evaluates the various aspects of home hygiene including handwashing, household water treatment and safe storage, safe disposal of faeces, food hygiene etc. in terms of their health impact in reducing the burden of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in developing countries.
- WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND HYGIENE PROMOTION . By Sandy Cairncross and Vivian Valdmanis DCPP Publication “Disease Control Priorities In Developing Countries (2nd EDITION) (published 2006)
This review is an evaluation of the available evidence on the health impact and cost effectiveness, in terms of $ per DALY averted, of water sanitation and hygiene promotion. The DCCP (Disease Control Priorities Project) is an ongoing project to assess disease control priorities and produce evidence-based analysis and resource materials to inform health policymaking in developing countries.
- SCALING UP COMMUNITY HEALTH CLUBS: AN APPEAL TO FUNDING AGENCIES. By
Juliet Waterkyn, Africaahead (published 2006)
Studies with rural communities in Zimbabwe , have demonstrated the impact of hygiene promotion through community clubs as an effective means of achieving hygiene behaviour change, creating demand for sanitation, and taking it to scale. Their work is a response to growing awareness that, unless strategies are found to galvanise rural communities and create a demand for sanitation, the Millennium Development Goal of halving the 2.4 billion people without sanitation by the year 2015 is not achievable.
- HYGIENE ISSUES IN THE HOME/HOUSEHOLD WATER STORAGE, HANDLING AND POINT-OF-USE TREATMENT REVIEW By K.J. Nath, S.F. Bloomfield and M. Jones (Published 2006)
The report gives a situational review of household water quality in developed and developing country situations, and reviews field studies showing the extent to which point-of-use treatment and safe storage of water in the home can reduce the burden of waterborne diseases. The report also reviews the range of treatment methods and collection, handling and storage systems which have been developed for improving household water quality.
Hygiene Issues
- TOO CLEAN, OR NOT TOO CLEAN: THE HYGIENE HYPOTHESIS AND HOME HYGIENE. By SF Bloomfield, R Stanwell-Smith, R WR Crevel, and J. Pickup (published 2006)
In 2001 IFH commissioned a review of the data in order to consider the implications it might have for hygiene, particularly hygiene in the domestic setting. This paper, published in the J. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2006; 36, 402-425, is a summary of the main findings from the IFH review together with more recently published data.
- THE HYGIENE HYPOTHESIS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR HOME HYGIENE. By R.Stanwell-Smith and S. Bloomfield (published 2004)
The “Hygiene Hypothesis” contends that if we are not exposed to infectious agents, the immune system becomes imbalanced, thereby increasing susceptibility to allergic diseases. The report reviews the nature and extent of the link between microbial exposure and the development of the immune system; it also assesses the implications it might have for hygiene, and how the problems presented by the hypothesis might be addressed.
- BIOCIDE USAGE AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN HOME SETTINGS: AN UPDATE
(published 2003)
In making their consensus statement regarding concerns about biocide use in relation to antimicrobial resistance, the IFH board agreed however that this aspect requires constant review. In this paper their conclusions are re-evaluated in light of new data become available since the first publication in 2000.
- ARE WE TOO CLEAN. A REPORT OF A SYMPOSIUM AT THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH, LONDON (published 2002)
In September 2002 a symposium on the hygiene hypothesis and its implications for hygiene was held at the Royal Institute of Public Health in London. The proceedings of the meeting were published in a supplement of the RIPH publication Health and Hygiene. A consensus statement by the contributors to the symposium was also published in March 2003.
- MICROBIAL RESISTANCE AND BIOCIDES; A REVIEW AND CONSENSUS STATEMENT (published 2000)
A review of the scientific literature relating to microbial resistance to antibiotics and biocides. The aim was not only to understand what is known about the relationship between exposure to biocides and reduced sensitivity to antibiotics and biocides, but to attempt to clarify the practical implications for the use of biocides in the domestic environment. The paper contains a consensus statement on the use of biocides in the home agreed by the IFH board, based on their review of the currently available scientific data.
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES
India conference 2002 and conference publication
In 2002, IFH held its second international conference in Delhi, India. Entitled “Preventing infectious disease in the domestic setting: a responsibility for all” the conference focused on the importance of developing programmes in which education in good hygiene practice is integrated with provision of clean water, food, sanitation etc. The proceedings of the conference are being published in the International Journal of Environmental Health Research and includes the following papers:
- The infection potential in the home and the rolw of hygiene:historical and current perspectives. R Stanwell Smith
- Home hygiene and environmental sanitation: a country situation analysis for India. KJ Nath
- Situation analysis and epidemiology of infectious disease transmission: a South-East Asian regional perspective. T Thompson
- Hygiene and health in developing countries: defining priorities through cost-benefit assessments. B Larsen
- Epidemiological perspectives of domestic and personal hygiene in India. NS Deodhar
- Developing effective policy for home hygiene: a risk-based approach. S Bloomfield
- House improvement projects in Indonesia: responding to local demand. RJ Josodipoero
- Talking dirty: how to save a million lives. V. Curtis
- Handwashing practices and challenges in Bangladhes. BA Hoque
- Providing clean water, keeping water clean: an integrated approach. J Bartram
- Coping with hygiene in South Africa, a water scarce country. AG Duse
- Water, sanitation and hygiene: a situation analysis of LAO PDR. S Lahiri and S Chanthaphone
- Changing community behaviour: experience from three African countires. R Quick
- Sanitation in the developing world: current status and future solutions. S Cairncross
- Health and social benefit from improving community hygiene and sanitation: an Indian experience. PK Jha
- Myanmar experiences in sanitation and hygiene promotion: lessons learned and future directions. D Bajracharya
- De-worming school children and hygiene intervention. TV Luong
- Foodborne diseases in developing countries: aetiology, epidemiology and strategies for prevention. F Käferstein
- Effectiveness of home-based foord storage training: a community development approach. S. Ghebrehewet
- Studies of food hygiene and diarrhoeal diseases. CF Lanata
London conference 2000 and conference publication
In 2000 the IFH held its first international conference in London,
in collaboration with the UK Public Health Laboratory Service
and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, entitled
“Preventing infectious intestinal disease in the domestic setting:
a shared responsibility”. Focusing on the topic of infectious
intestinal disease, the conference, through a series of presentations
and poster sessions, explored each of the “core aspects” of home
hygiene. The proceedings of the conference have since been published
in The Journal of Infection, Vol 43; (1); 21-99. They include
the following papers:
- Preventing infectious intestinal disease in the domestic setting:
a shared responsibility (Introduction)
- Gastrointestinal disease in the domestic setting: what are the
issues? S. Bloomfield
- Gastrointestinal disease in the domestic setting: what can we
deduce from surveillance data? C. Day, S. O’Brien
- The role of viruses in gastrointestinal disease in the home. J. Barker
- Developing a rational approach to hygiene in the domestic setting. E.
Scott
- The spread and persistence of Campylobacter and
Salmonella in the domestic kitchen.
T. Humphrey
Escherichia coli 0157:H7: lessons
for the domestic setting. H. Pennington
- Protecting vulnerable groups in the home: the interface between
institutions and the domestic setting. S, Englehart, A.
Glasmacher, F. Kaufmann and M. Exner
- Hygiene and the immune system. R. Stanwell-Smith and R.W.R.
Crevel
- Evaluating hygiene behaviour in the domestic setting and the
impact of hygiene education. C. Griffith and E. Redmond
- Hygiene: how myths, monsters and mothers-in-law can promote behaviour
change. V. Curtis
- WHO Surveillance programme for control of foodborne infections
and intoxications: results and trend across greater Europe. C.
Tirado and K. Schmidt
- Biocide usage in the domestic setting and concern about antibacterial
and antibiotic resistance. P. Gilbert and A.J. McBain
- Application of quantitative risk assessment for formulating hygiene
policy in the domestic setting. C. P. Gerba
- The impact of changing sustainable technology and changing consumer
habits on infectious disease transmission in the domestic setting.
P. Terpstra
READING ROOMS
In these reading rooms
the reference and a brief outline for each paper is given. We also
provide links which take you as close as possible to the full text
online. Some journal web sites, however, require subscription to gain
access to the full text. To view papers that do not have a link provided,
you will need to go to a 'non-virtual' library. Click on a room to
enter.
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